Evaluation of multidrug resistance in the Gram-negative microbiome of cancer patients and the adverse effects of their metabolites on albino rats and epithelial or fibroblasts cell lines

El-Gendy, Mervat Morsy Abbas Ahmed; Alghamdi, Huda Ahmed; Abdel-Wahhab, Khaled G.; Hassan, Nabila S.; El-Bondkly, Aya A. M.; Abdel-Wahab, Mohammed; Farghaly, Ayman A.; El-Bondkly, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed

doi:10.1186/s13027-024-00634-y

Table 1 Multidrug resistance prevalence and MICs of various antibiotics against G-negative bacterial strains derived from the cancer mirobiome

From: Evaluation of multidrug resistance in the Gram-negative microbiome of cancer patients and the adverse effects of their metabolites on albino rats and epithelial or fibroblasts cell lines

Antimicrobial agent	Isolates and resistance rate (%)
	Total G-negative bacteria n = 146/195, 74.87%			Serratia sp. n = 21/146, 14.38%			Esherichia sp. n = 36/146, 24.66%			Pseudomonas sp. n = 26/146, 17.81%			Stenotrophomonas sp. n = 29/146, 19.86%			Acinetobacter sp. n = 34/146, 23.29%
	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)	No	%	MIC (μg/mL)
Penicillins antibiotics
Ampicillin	146	100	128– > 1024	21	100	256–1024	36	100	128–1000	26	100	256–> 1024	29	100	256–1024	34	100	> 1024
Ticarcillin	146	100	560–> 1024	21	100	256–> 1024	36	100	512–> 1024	26	100	> 1024	29	100	> 1024	34	100	> 1024
Oxacillin	146	100	256–> 1024	21	100	256–1000	36	100	256–1000	26	100	512–1000	29	100	512–1000	34	100	640–> 1024
Piperacillin	146	100	512–> 1024	21	100	512–752	36	100	400–800	26	100	512–1024	29	100	> 1024	34	100	> 1024
Carbenicillin	146	100	440–> 1024	21	100	648–1000	36	100	440–640	26	100	512–1024	29	100	> 1024	34	100	> 1024
Cephalosporins antibiotics
Cephalothin	146	100	256–> 1024	21	100/0	256–1000	36	100	256–800	26	100	512–1024	29	100	> 1024	34	100	512–> 1024
Cefazolin	146	100	360–> 1024	21	100	512–1024	36	100	360–640	26	100	512–1024	29	100	> 1024	34	100	640–> 1024
Cefoxitin	146	100	480 −1024	21	100	480–1000	36	100	512–1000	26	100	640–800	29	100	528–800	34	100	512–1024
Ceftazidime	140	95.89	256–> 1024	20	95.24	512–720	32	88.89	256–512	25	96.15	400–664	29	100	> 1024	34	100	> 1024
Cefepime	128	87.67	128–> 1024	16	76.19	256–640	29	80.56	128–800	20	76.92	256–512	29	100	256–> 1024	34	100	512–> 1024
Ceftriaxone	117	80.14	128–> 1024	14	66.67	128–560	23	63.89	64–480	17	65.39	128–512	29	100	256–512	34	100	256–> 1024
Cefotaxime	114	78.08	64–1000	13	61.91	64–512	23	63.89	128–256	15	57.69	64–512	29	100	256–1000	34	100	128–840
Carbapenems antibiotics
Ertapenem	97	66.44	128–648	12	57.14	128–480	20	55.56	128–256	15	57.69	256–360	23	79.31	256–640	27	79.41	400–648
Imipenem	91	62.33	128–512	9	42.86	264–512	19	52.78	128–320	19	73.08	128–512	20	68.97	264- 512	24	70.59	128–512
Meropenem	100	68.49	128–600	10	47.62	256–400	25	69.44	128–480	18	69.23	256–512	22	75.86	256–600	25	73.53	256–512
Doripenem	87	59.59	128–472	13	61.91	128–400	17	47.22	128–312	20	76.92	264–472	17	58.62	256–564	20	58.82	128–432
Antibiotic + β-lactamase inhibitors
Ceftazidime-Avibactam	58	39.73	128–800	8	33.09	256–400	14	38.89	128–512	6	23.08	128–640	13	44.83	240–320	17	50	128–480
Meropenem-Vaborbactam	43	29.45	72–320	8	38.1	128–320	10	27.77	72–280	8	30.77	224–320	8	27.59	512–800	9	26.47	400–800
Imipenem-Cilastatin	37	25.34	64–256	6	28.57	64–120	10	27.77	72–280	8	30.77	224–320	7	24.14	72–256	6	17.65	256–512
Fluoroquinolones antibiotics
Ofloxacin	116	79.45	240–800	16	76.19	400–720	27	75	240–600	19	73.08	512–800	25	86.21	360–722	29	85.3	256–800
Ciprofloxacin	113	77.4	128–1000	14	66.67	128–512	22	61.11	128–586	21	80.77	256–640	27	93.1	400–1000	30	88.24	256–752
Levofloxacin	108	73.97	256–960	13	61.91	320–528	20	55.56	256–640	19	73.08	280 512	25	86.2	360–960	28	82.35	320–800
Moxifloxacin	104	71.23	360–1000	15	71.43	480–664	24	66.67	360–720	18	69.23	480–928	22	75.86	640–1000	25	73.53	400–1000
Folate synthesis pathway inhibitors
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	110	75.34	512–1024	17	80.95	512–1024	15	41.67	512–972	20	77.77	560–800	24	82.76	800–928	34	100	600–> 1024
Phosphonic antibiotics
Fosfomycin	85	58.22	256–1000	5	23.81	256–512	7	19.44	256–400	24	92.31	360–1000	16	55.17	512–1000	33	97.05	400–960
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
Gentamicin	82	56.16	64–320	8	38.1	64–256	14	38.89	128–280	16	61.54	64–296	20	68.97	64–320	24	70.59	256–320
Tobramycin	90	61.64	128–512	12	57.14	128–256	17	47.22	256–400	14	53.85	256–512	25	86.21	256–512	22	64.71	256–512
Netilmicin	85	58.22	128–600	10	47.62	240–400	20	41.67	128–600	19	73.08	256–480	17	58.62	256–600	19	55.88	420–600
Amikacin	69	47.26	256–1000	6	28.57	512–1000	10	27.78	156–600	15	57.69	512–1000	13	44.83	256–1000	25	73.53	512–960
Nitrofurantoin	93	63.7	512–1024	11	52.38	400–784	19	52.78	240–880	20	76.92	256–920	18	62.07	512–1024	25	73.53	512–1024
Vancomycin	57	39.04	128–720	9	42.86	256–512	11	30.56	128–568	11	42.31	256–512	12	41.38	360–648	14	41.17	512–720
Polymyxins antibiotics
Colistin	31	21.23	16–160	9	42.86	16–64	2	5.56	32	4	15.39	16–64	10	34.48	64–128	6	17.65	64–160
Tetracyclines antibiotics
Doxycycline	93	63.7	240–1000	8	38.1	240–512	17	47.22	320–1000	18	69.23	512–1000	23	79.31	256–1000	27	79.41	320–512
Minocycline	62	42.47	128–500	6	28.57	128–256	11	30.56	128–256	13	50	128–500	14	48.28	256–500	18	52.94	256–500
Tigecycline	51	34.93	32–280	6	28.57	64–240	8	22.22	32–128	12	46.15	100–250	10	34.28	200–280	15	44.12	160–250
Macrolides antibiotics
Clarithromycin	116	79.45	256 – > 1024	16	76.19	256–640	22	61.11	128–512	17	65.39	256–> 1024	27	93.1	> 1024	34	100	> 1024
Azithromycin	109	74.66	128 – > 1024	14	66.67	256–512	20	55.56	128–512	19	73.08	512–> 1024	24	82.76	> 1024	32	94.12	> 1024
Chloramphenicol antibiotics
Chloramphenicol	95	65.07	128–> 1024	11	52.38	128–256	13	36.11	128–640	21	80.77	512–> 1024	22	75.86	512–> 1024	28	82.35	256–> 1024

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