The current state of DNA methylation biomarkers in self-collected liquid biopsies for the early detection of cervical cancer: a literature review

Table 4 Comparative performance of host gene methylation markers to discern CIN3 + in urine and cervicovaginal swab self-samples

Marker	Sample type	n=	Population	AUC	Confidence interval (95%)	Study
GHSR	Urine	74	Referral	0.7	0.56–0.84	van den Helder, 2020
GHSR	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.645	0.576–0.714	de Waard, 2023
GHSR	Urine	33	Referral	0.769	0.561–0.897	Van Keer, 2021
GHSR	Urine	245	Referral	0.79	0.72–0.84	van den Helder, 2022
ST6GALNAC5	Urine	33	Referral	0.628	0.465–0.725	Van Keer, 2021
ST6GALNAC5	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.676	0.609–0.627	de Waard, 2023
SST	Urine	74	Referral	0.73	0.59–0.86	van den Helder, 2020
SST	Urine	33	Referral	0.634	0.473–0.809	Van Keer, 2021
SST	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.7	0.637–0.764	de Waard, 2023
SST	Urine	245	Referral	0.72	0.65–0.79	van den Helder, 2022
ZIC1	Urine	74	Referral	0.62	0.47–0.77	van den Helder, 2020
ZIC1	Urine	33	Referral	0.558	0.400–0.742	Van Keer, 2021
ZIC1	Urine	245	Referral	0.72	0.66–0.78	van den Helder, 2022
ZIC1	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.787	0.729–0.863	de Waard, 2023
LHX8	Urine	74	Referral	0.68	0.54–0.82	van den Helder, 2020
LHX8	Urine	33	Referral	0.682	0.465–0.842	Van Keer, 2021
LHX8	Urine	245	Referral	0.78	0.72–0.83	van den Helder, 2022
LHX8	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.781	0.721–0.841	de Waard, 2023
ASCL1	Urine	74	Referral	0.79	0.67–0.91	van den Helder, 2020
ASCL1	Urine	33	Referral	0.566	0.473–0.849	Van Keer, 2021
ASCL1	Cervicovaginal swab	304	Screening	0.806	0.749–0.863	de Waard, 2023
ASCL1	Urine	245	Referral	0.83	0.77–0.88	van den Helder, 2022

ISSN: 1750-9378